#: locale=de
## Aktion
### URL
PopupWebFrameBehaviour_608AF8DF_78CE_10C0_41DA_4218F8CFB913.url = https://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/what-is-animal-research/three-rs
## E-Learning
### Frage Screen
quizQuestion_A564030C_B520_6F70_41E2_91A323DB30C8.ok = OK
### Report Screen
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.title = - SCORE -
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.completion = Completed
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.questionsCorrect = Correct
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.description = Did you get it right? Then you are better at this than out computer vision tools … for now. \
If you got it wrong, try again and remember: lifts only count after the lid has fully closed.
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.downloadCSV = Download .csv
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.questionsIncorrect = Incorrect
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.items = Items Found
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.questions = Questions
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.repeat = Repeat
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.submitToLMS = Submit
quizScore_A566D30C_B520_6F70_41AA_06D1D00C7DEA.elapsedTime = Time
### Score Name
score2.label = Correct Number of Interactions
score1.label = Interactions Counted
### Timeout Screen
quizTimeout_A564330B_B520_6F70_41CD_4CE87221D57F.title = - TIMEOUT -
quizTimeout_A564330B_B520_6F70_41CD_4CE87221D57F.repeat = Repeat
quizTimeout_A564330B_B520_6F70_41CD_4CE87221D57F.score = View Score
## Hotspot
### Text
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_558F2667_7F96_18F4_41DB_97F1FA1EC9B0.text = \
\
\
\
Research Area: Assessing Others
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A641EB83_81C0_6A2D_41BA_6C08BC1624C0.text = \
\
Implant Design and \
Surgery
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5018F1FB_6193_23C2_41D0_8B13CF49B898.text = \
\
Implant Design and \
Surgery
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_CB98B842_DC79_9878_41D2_1FCF38ABC0FC.text = Action \
Capture \
Platform
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A4280DCC_81C1_AE3B_4189_BC7FE6BF14FE.text = Animal \
Housing \
Facilities
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4EBE55BF_61B1_E3BE_41C3_CB137F59DC08.text = Beginning of the Tour
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_59F8BCEB_7F92_09F2_41D2_58F2F79D6EE6.text = Dyadic Interaction Platform
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C408C7F8_DC6A_A808_4172_7EEB8E3D7CE3.text = Exploration \
Room
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_727C29E2_5E91_6367_41D3_3D7511BEE517.text = Face Recognition
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_551A382D_6191_605C_41C5_73887B65A4C6.text = Housing
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_CEEE231A_DCEE_E805_41A3_FD40B96C9651.text = MRI Scanner
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A53E22BA_81C0_5A5F_41C6_F8A05D27711A.text = MRI Scanner 2
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_055D62EB_19B7_8023_41A4_F4DD95C4EC7A.text = Macaque at the Hardware Store
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_BC18CEA6_97EF_1AD5_41D2_A47065157E64.text = Macaque Copy Paste
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_059FDA57_19B2_8065_41B7_B609972FA43B.text = Macaque in the Ocean \
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_04EEA118_198E_81EC_41B1_6593948D7D64.text = Macaques at the Beach
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_054BED38_198E_802A_41AD_D2FA5CF73E7C.text = Macaques in Zoos
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4F259CDA_6191_21C4_41D6_9E1551A74A74.text = Methods of Primate Research
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_E0D4AB55_C080_200D_41E2_377DA3B73293.text = Research Area: \
Interacting with Others
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5217901B_6193_6044_41CD_ABECC1E991FD.text = Research Area: Assessing Others
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_544BDC14_6190_E043_41CA_9FD2BBD4DEC6.text = Research Area: Seeing Others
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_76EAC12C_5E91_60F7_41C2_4F9C3594A2AC.text = Research Using MRI
QuadHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B2D40044_A75C_85A2_41C1_4E659C276C79.text = Senegal - Simenti
## Media
### 360 Video
### Audio
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### Audio Subtitles
### Floorplan
### Image
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### Popup Image
### Titel
panorama_E193AEB0_ED7E_7E2D_41D5_F9FE8210CDD9.label = 05_DiP 02
panorama_4859E35A_5A9C_692A_41CB_26ACC550C7DE.label = 12_DiP 01
panorama_12CE40EA_0FAA_5B8A_41A6_A9355C0C361D.label = 1_aerial_DPZ
photo_95DE98C8_8322_C2A9_4194_B6773FD0B915.label = 2
panorama_13C48C5C_0FAA_AA8E_41A0_C3F31ECD7959.label = 25_main hallway
panorama_13C55CEC_0FAA_AB8E_419C_917001AADA51.label = 2_outdoor-cage
photo_9B0A14EF_8322_4267_41BE_BB159C488A06.label = 3
photo_94163530_8FA5_D09A_41DA_012D33CCAC3D.label = 3_feederbox_render_beschriftet white
photo_94163530_8FA5_D09A_41DA_012D33CCAC3D.label = 3_feederbox_render_beschriftet white
panorama_13C3F3D2_0FAA_FD9A_419E_2A7F32C0BE0C.label = 5_hallway_indoor cage
panorama_13C4A355_0FAA_DE9E_41A0_EAFAB4F053D7.label = 6_indoor cage
panorama_13C4AAD5_0FAA_AF9F_41A0_C69E0023E25E.label = 7_semi-outdoor cage
panorama_13C3520D_0FAA_BE8F_4185_227274B645D8.label = 8_kitchen
panorama_39F21B0F_2E07_0872_41A6_1988BDDC160E.label = A01
video_715B296D_4774_8932_41CB_92B7DA9DEA9A.label = A01 VO 2
video_70F6DE99_4775_8B12_4187_2F71BED45720.label = A01 VO 2 overlay
video_719090EF_477D_970E_41B7_ED0D2B8A867C.label = A01 VO 3
video_71BCA587_477D_99FE_41C4_9EF042A083E6.label = A01 VO4
video_7198974B_477D_9976_41B8_43F794279006.label = A01 VO5
video_71BB6048_477C_9772_41B4_2B5FCB63CF0C.label = A01 VO6
media_65DCFD9C_470C_8907_41A2_DD93492540B5.label = A03_06_injected
video_589766C9_471C_FB04_41D0_03BEB76389B9.label = A03_VO4
video_6781E02C_471C_B71E_4175_44709C26C626.label = A03_VO5
video_DBAC9B9A_C4CE_5D40_41E1_3A218C215DA8.label = A04 Animation
video_D933C495_C4CE_6B41_41D9_390811BEE5B0.label = A04 Animation 02
video_D88420BE_C4CA_6B49_41D7_5B0637EF8C9B.label = A04 MRI Scan with Monkey
panorama_2B4AC39A_1E90_404C_41BB_ABDF0FF6E1B2.label = ACP Lemuren zählen
panorama_CDDCFF34_DD3A_6C22_41EB_1CBB5EA064D7.label = ACP PiP
video_B06A282E_AB64_616E_41E1_07174132612A.label = ACP Whitboard C
video_9C99E95C_B720_7B9E_41DC_7203B17CAB96.label = ACP Whitboard D
media_5F5F8A58_1E90_40CC_41BF_20674EA4B234.label = ACP- Lemuren zählen
photo_894896D7_ABE4_613E_41A1_2E33C2868245.label = ACP-Whiteboard A Thumb Frame
photo_894896D7_ABE4_613E_41A1_2E33C2868245.label = ACP-Whiteboard A Thumb Frame
photo_B52DC565_ABE4_2312_41D9_4D894017881C.label = ACP-Whiteboard A Thumb frame
photo_B52DC565_ABE4_2312_41D9_4D894017881C.label = ACP-Whiteboard A Thumb frame
album_B1795E1D_AB64_2132_41DA_8B990A450EC7_0.label = ACP-Whiteboard A Thumb_1.1.2_1.1.1
photo_B1C73D75_AB65_E3F2_41BF_0E4F4D155CA6.label = ACP-Whiteboard C Thumb_1.1.2
photo_B1C73D75_AB65_E3F2_41BF_0E4F4D155CA6.label = ACP-Whiteboard C Thumb_1.1.2
video_F23DC4A6_E12B_7D93_41E3_7B3EEB72E6C7.label = AcP Whiteboard A
video_4A0FBBE6_5955_D9D6_41B0_619401554E90.label = Ayuno 02_Aufsager klein
panorama_9F5A7CCC_8DA4_B1F5_41C3_E0713080D4D4.label = B 05 Field
video_71B706F3_477C_FB16_41BF_7B047362D9A5.label = B02 02 mit Graphen
video_B29F08E3_A74C_866C_41C3_359EE82A0B2B.label = B02 Stimuli Overlay
video_71BD864B_477C_9B76_41B0_A6D5719C6175.label = B02 03
video_7080B528_477F_9932_41BE_C6F6B4B3E9BE.label = B02 04
video_71A787F1_477C_7912_4189_4D2F939AB2BE.label = B02 05
panorama_73143D7D_6323_ADF9_4116_82AA64665F68.label = B02 LAB
panorama_2E73C171_39F4_D400_41C7_C9EEC39C9E7C.label = B05 Amenitiesl 02
panorama_2E041B19_39F5_D404_41B9_070F8F575C48.label = B05 Central 01
video_955EE56C_8FA3_708A_41D7_4F70BB30A906.label = B05 Field behaviour
panorama_2E10BC4B_39AC_CC85_41B5_78A3786377EF.label = B05 Hütten und Bad außen
panorama_2E521BAE_39FD_7403_41C2_9BA13E02C256.label = B05 In Hütte
panorama_2E3C1106_3995_D47F_41C3_5AD6A55F7547.label = B05 Kochraum innen
panorama_2E558BBC_39FB_F400_41A1_0E15E83C3604.label = B05 Lab 03
panorama_23F33EF7_38AB_4D5B_41C8_33A362E6DB2E.label = B05 Solar und Hängematte
panorama_2E0A0031_39FC_D400_41C4_9E99E36569F8.label = B05 Vor Lab
panorama_2E159686_3994_BC70_417B_0175682F5498.label = B05 Wäscheplatz und hängematte
panorama_2E7319FB_39F4_D7FD_41C8_AA29B8C7F3CE.label = B05 Wäscheplatz und weißer bau außen
panorama_2E2B3923_39AC_B487_41CA_8F64D4CF2C44.label = B05 pavillon von eingang
panorama_2E405849_39FD_7401_41C2_7A097C7BBB2A.label = B05 platz essen und brunnen
video_D010BA9A_F2FA_3B18_41EB_A3203064F139.label = B06 8
media_2B8E79C8_356C_841B_41AE_305E05D63F7E.label = B06 Way Into Field_injected
video_E8296DB5_CE3A_F81A_41CE_54DF19AFD59D.label = B06_3
video_29145B23_3F2B_3580_41B9_FCA1C24D3A4F.label = B06_4
video_EE455FCA_CE3A_D80E_41D4_1E41A0B984DF.label = B06_5
media_E8C4A5D3_F27E_6973_41E2_D41253E93F97.label = B07 Experiment_injected
media_A3E35706_B568_7346_41C8_60AFB9C828B6.label = C05 360° Video_injected
panorama_48F1B9EC_593B_F9D7_41D2_A43DE6D62647.label = C05 Ayuno BG
panorama_51A40CED_61F1_E1C5_41CB_EA958FA383CA.label = C05 Dyadic Ayuno
video_DC4D1CCB_C080_201F_41E2_7E2DA7CE9C70.label = C05 EXP Animation
video_442E4724_595B_EA77_41B4_A7C6FD4C88CE.label = C05 Medium 6
video_45506C70_5956_DEEE_41D4_7FDA26239AFD.label = C05 Medium 8
video_D008257C_C539_F5A3_41DD_9B8E256F5DE8.label = C05 VO2
panorama_7314F612_6323_9F0A_4198_B2CC9130D32D.label = Care Treatment Room
video_67B0602A_725B_117D_41C7_04A8F538C0B6.label = DiP VR Tour
video_65AD22EC_73DF_76FB_41B1_06893E32B0AE.label = DiP VR Tour VO
video_724F2661_4774_7B33_41B3_CB59635ADE83.label = DiP VR Tour mit Text2
video_B9592261_E6EB_10D6_4194_08C67655A248.label = DiP eye tracking
video_09CCA9F1_3205_30EE_4199_7302BD194832.label = ECG Foraging
video_0B83807A_3205_0FD2_41C8_40016A91EB2B.label = ECG High Vigilance Behaviour
video_0B83144F_3205_1733_41B5_85141D0C97B4.label = ECG Human vs Monkey
video_0B83C906_3205_1135_417C_49D94CC3F936.label = ECG Low Vigilance Behaviour
video_1C74D272_323D_33D4_41B7_F0F7A59D1A94.label = ECG Manual annotating
panorama_32C1BECF_23F0_5153_41AB_6300346B3F29.label = ECG Neda BG
video_19AA016C_3207_11D4_41A8_4B3A35F06EF1.label = ECG Scanning room
panorama_2297B560_321D_11B0_41C2_2AF4D9C0CB97.label = ECG Seminarraum
video_271143C2_3203_30EC_41C8_28756988BDAD.label = ECG VO 10
video_1BBB59CA_3205_10EC_41C1_A63BC40602CD.label = ECG VO Camera angles
video_07EFF23F_25F1_849D_41A7_82207AE5435E.label = EXP Boundary boxes dyad
video_927BEBEF_B021_48AA_41D8_C3C3BF4FC9FB.label = EXP Boundary boxes dyad
video_3642A063_2413_84A0_4177_3C6EFE10BA7A.label = EXP Monitor A
video_36850582_2413_8C61_41AF_68FD76D872A4.label = EXP Monitor B
video_369A5A40_2413_84E0_41BC_84C8A6FF3882.label = EXP Monitor D
video_05EA3B6F_25F1_84BE_41B1_67BB534D0FB8.label = EXP Rummaging
video_AC331E54_B027_4BFE_41B4_A31865BF1269.label = EXP Rummaging
video_04100D0A_25F7_7C66_41B5_B831E022496C.label = EXP Top View
video_91938940_B020_C9D0_41E0_46DE0952775D.label = EXP Top View
video_046F84D9_25F1_8DE5_4195_D5ACD3934097.label = EXP standing up
video_927F3F95_B020_C97E_41D0_82694B5E5E80.label = EXP standing up
video_E2401834_F6FE_69D2_41D1_32B1BC0C6E4C.label = EXP-20
video_2A7A89C1_01CB_E8F2_4163_7710435FBCE4.label = EXP-Brain Icon
video_B33DEAC1_E6AB_11D8_41E4_46AD08588540.label = EXP-Brain Icon 2
video_95C0C568_B03F_59D7_41DC_8B3F822710B8.label = EXP-Spikevideo mit VO
video_A57D4492_B020_BF61_41E4_1E69781BA2F1.label = EXP-media decision Setup_XBI (left)
video_A41B2C1E_B021_CF61_41DA_89C982080DFD.label = EXP-media decision Setup_XBI right)
video_7E7DD8D1_4774_7712_41AC_2292B7FEFCD5.label = Entscheidungsmatrix 2
video_71F9341B_4774_BF16_41C0_FD52C0E9CB8B.label = Entscheidungsmatrix 2
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video_7181699A_4774_8916_41D0_0C593327959C.label = hand tracking
video_E84CE24A_DBB9_11F7_41DC_DA6039699674.label = housing care neu
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video_0063FCD4_19D5_DE96_41B8_9E2D6B4108D8.label = housing tunnel
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htmlText_58F11024_78F4_BB8B_41D9_3A01401DE775.html = This 3D printed case was specially developed to withstand abuse from monkeys while still being adjustable to different angles. With 18 cameras at 170 frames per second, these cameras capture even the fastest movements from every angle.
Researchers note down the behaviour of the baboons on their tablets. Have a look around and see if you can spot these behaviours yourself.
These feeders are constructed to be accessible from both sides, but when engaged from one side, the other side is blocked. The feeders are transparent – revealing to both individuals whether they are stocked with food and what kind it is (typically fruit and vegetables). Additionally, we can indicate the presence of food with LEDs in some experiments.
This is a single slice from a living macaque’s brain viewed from above.
The blood vessels are especially bright because we injected the monkey with a so-called contrast agent, in this case, Gadolinium. That speeds up the re-alignment of the hydrogen protons in the blood, making the vessels brighter in our image.
This helps us to avoid them when implanting electrodes in the brain.
This is a slice from a living macaque’s brain seen from above.
The brighter areas represent tissues where hydrogen protons have re-aligned with the MRI’s magnetic field, while darker areas indicate tissues where re-alignment has not yet occurred.
It is this difference in re-alignment time that reveals to us different tissues and thus the structure of the brain.
There are three ways to access the raisins inside these boxes: lifting, sliding, and shifting a lever. We can remotely control these techniques: for example, we can block lifting for all but one lemur.
That lemur then becomes a ‘fake expert’, meaning they are still successful with a technique that is no longer available to the others.
Two tiny cameras are attached to modular arms so we can position them right by the monkey’s eyes. The cameras record the pupils, which allows us to calculate where the monkey is looking. Is he looking at the dots, his partner, or his partner’s hand? That is important data for researching social interactions in this setup.
Left click: Move| Right click: Turn | Mouse wheel: Zoom
Welcome to the Virtual Tour of the CRC1528 'Cognition of Interaction'.
Feel free to explore the facilities here at the German Primate Centre and beyond via the links or the navigation menu in the bottom left corner.
We recommend starting with the audio guide as an introduction to each location and its relevance to our research.
The audio guide is available via the button at the bottom centre of your screen.
Inside these racks are the water and air-cooled computing units. Grete packs more than a hundred NVIDIA Tesla GPUs enabling it to compute over 1.8 quadrillion operations per second.
But for all that computing power, Grete still lacks the ability to see like we do. Click on the video to find out how Grete perceives images.
Compromises are a fundamental part of social life. If – for example – you and your friend are planning a nice evening together but prefer to do different things, you run into an age-old dilemma: go for a run together, or rather for some drinks? Cook at home or have take-out, The Office or Game of Thrones?
During each of these decisions, one of you will have their preferred outcome while the other has to be happy with the fact that – whatever it may be – at least you are doing it together. In a fair relationship, both of you would find compromises to even out this inequality, but do people actually act fairly?
This experimental setup allows us to simulate such scenarios for pairs of humans, pairs of macaques, and even human-macaque-pairs. While playing a game where both players have to decide between two options but get a better reward for choosing the same option, we found that coordination naturally arises in almost all pairs. Click on the monitor in the bottom left to learn the rules of the game.
In every-day interactions, we pick up vast amounts of details from the people around us. What are they doing? Where are they looking? These details are extremely hard to study, which is why we developed this innovative experimental setup: this is the Dyadic Interaction Platform–or ‘DIP’ for short. It enables us to precisely monitor the details of interaction: hand movements, gaze direction, and brain activity. Combining these data points will give us unique insights into what’s happening during social interactions. Specifically, we’ll be able to find out how the way we perceive others’ actions influences our own actions.
At the DIPs centre is a transparent touch screen. It allows two test subjects to interact face-to-face. So both get to see the same graphics on the screen and also each other through it. The subjects may be humans or other primates like Macaques who–during the experiments–play games on the shared screen. Meanwhile, multiple cameras track both players’ hand movements and gaze direction. And during experiments with monkeys, we additionally record brain activity. All of this gives us an extensive picture of the interactions and decisions occurring during each experiment as well as the mental representations associated with that.
In the future, we would like to show you what an actual experimental trial run looks like. However, experiments that want to record brain activity in monkeys must be approved by regulatory authorities. We are currently waiting for approval, so we can only show you archival material. Head over to the control desk to learn about how humans and monkeys playing on this shared screen will help us to understand coordinated decision-making.
Obtaining the high-quality images you see here is challenging–especially with living subjects. For one, we usually scan the brain in slices; one 2D image at a time. Only after we stack the slices on top of each other do we get a three-dimensional image of the brain. This is complicated by the subject’s movements: not only might they move their head, the brain also moves inside the skull. So, if you were wondering how to get the highest resolution MRI scan : you take a dead organism and scan it many times overnight.
Of course, this approach doesn’t help you if you want to measure brain activity. For that, you need a functioning brain because the blood–specifically oxygenated blood–indicates where the brain is currently active. After all, the brain needs a lot of energy and oxygenated blood is how it gets that energy.
Luckily for us, oxygenated blood shows up brighter on our images because compared to blood without oxygen, its hydrogen protons re-align more quickly with the magnetic field. The difference is miniscule – just 1-3% – but it is measurable.
So, if an area in your slices lights up, you can conclude that this part of the brain is currently flooded with freshly oxygenated blood to sustain some heavy processing.
Welcome to the high-performance computing centre of the University of Göttingen. This is Grete, one of the most efficient supercomputers worldwide. Here, we train our computer vision AI to recognize monkeys and their behaviour. But how exactly do you train an AI?
The first step is giving the computer some references: that is images where the monkeys and their behaviour are already correctly labelled. Around you, you can see some of the pictures we used for training. These come from a database of macaques in zoos [images like a] and the position of the monkeys is already labelled. That is great as it saves us the work of manually labelling them, but the images also have a big drawback: zoo enclosures are quite different from the wild. There, dense foliage obstructs the monkeys and the background isn’t as smooth as concrete.
So, we cut the monkeys out of the images and pasted them onto other images [images like b]. That allowed us to keep the labels–so we didn’t have to redo that–and it also gave us a more variable set of training data. We call this set of images “macaque copy paste” and it helped massively in training the AI to spot monkeys against all kinds of backgrounds.
The next step then is just learning by doing. You take an existing AI used for spotting humans and ask it to spot the monkey in the image. Of course, you don’t reveal the label. Only after the AI gives you its best prediction do you reveal the actual position of the monkey. Then you ask the AI to compare its result to your label.
But how does the AI predict anything at all? Let’s enter to take a closer look at Grete and find out how it perceives an image.
Watch the nearest box and count how often the lemur opens it by lifting the lid. You can use the (+) and (-) buttons below to count. Partially lifting the lid also counts.
As mentioned earlier, traditional approaches to researching the relationship between brain activity and behaviour rely on data from fixated monkeys. And they do so for good reason: these studies enable us to find out exactly where in the brain certain actions are planned and initiated.
But you might be wondering: how much brain activity is never occurring because the environment is so highly controlled in those experiments? How much are we missing for the sake of precision? This setup is our proof of concept that a richer environment and full freedom of movement actually result in more complex brain activity. That’s why this setup is filled with woodchips and ropes inviting a range of different interactions, like a playground for monkeys.
Here we see a group of lemurs learning how to open feeder boxes. We train our AI to automatically detect this interaction, but for now you can try it for yourself: just click the lemur icon and count how often they open the nearest box by lifting the lid.
You might ask yourself what’s so hard about teaching such an easy task to a computer. After all, a child could spot some lemurs, right? But we have to keep in mind that our skills of perception have evolved over hundreds of millions of years. Biological vision has had more time and more data than any supercomputer could handle. Compare this to less than a century of computer development and the progress in teaching computers to see is truly astonishing.
To find out more about how computers learn to see, follow the chip icon to the supercomputer Grete. Or click on the eye icon to learn about the way we research how our biological vision helps us coordinate with others.
In the wild, Macaques typically forage for food in groups. The strength in numbers protects them from predators. But being with other monkeys also has its drawbacks: disputes over food sources are not uncommon within a group and they can get aggressive if a monkey overstays their welcome. Typically, higher-ranking individuals get prioritised access to food. But even those at the bottom of the hierarchy need to eat. So, they have to weigh up the value of a given food source with the risk of provoking a more dominant individual.
This setup enables us to study such competitive foraging scenarios and understand how monkeys decide where and when to forage in the presence of others – be that a human or a monkey. As you can see, it consists of a transparent divider containing 5 feeders. With the divider, we ensure that no physical contact can be made, so the lower-ranking macaque can safely gather food despite the competitive setting. Also, the feeders can only be used from one side at a time; access from the other side is meanwhile blocked.
This way, as the monkey sees one of the feeders being accessed from the other side, they can use that information to choose a different feeder for themselves. Coordinated foraging behaviour naturally emerges and can then be precisely monitored with this setup
MRI-scans are indispensable for brain research.
They are a non-invasive method to gain insights into the brain’s structure and activity. But these machines are very powerful and can be dangerous if you’re not careful. The red line on the floor indicates how close the camera is is allowed to get to the MRI scanner.
Beyond this line we would risk the camera and tripod turning into a deadly projectile as they are pulled in by a magnetic field 60,000 times stronger than that of the earth.
This is the field station “CRP Simenti”, which is run by the German Primate Center and the National Parks Directorate of Senegal. We’re here in the tropical savanna of southern Senegal–hours away from the next city. This is the perfect place to investigate an important component of the cognition of interaction: namely how interactions between individuals change depending on the availability of resources.
Most primates live in groups and that means when it comes to resources, you have to assess your partners carefully. Who can provide food is just as important a consideration as who will support you in a fight or who may bully you. Thus, we investigated how wild Guinea baboons respond when one of them is suddenly able to provide unusual amounts of food, specifically peanuts. Would a baboon who is competently providing peanuts to his companions – a so-called specialist – receive more grooming from his peers? Would he be a preferred mate? And if so, how long would he benefit from this special status within the group?
Follow the dark blue arrows to find out how we investigated the baboons’ assessment of the specialist. Alternatively, you can explore the camp to experience the life of a field researcher via the light blue arrows.
This room - despite not looking like it - is a highly innovative experimental setup. Currently, it is empty, but it can be set up in different configurations inviting a broad range of behaviours. Be it standing, walking, decision-making or foraging, any behaviour we might want to research can take place and be observed here.
Though occurring in widely different contexts, these behaviours all have one thing in common: they are extremely dependent on the environment surrounding us. But how does the environment influence our behaviour? To answer this question, we have to look at the organ in charge of our actions:
The brain.
You might already have spotted the two devices inserted into the wall. What do these devices invite you to do? You cannot click or even look at both at once. You must decide. And that’s exactly the purpose of this setup: giving the monkeys a choice and then observing how they make that decision. In fact, it’s the simplest decision imaginable: left or right? A or B?
We reduce the options to just two because an environment with more choices could distract and influence the monkeys in many unpredictable ways. Meanwhile this simple design allows us to focus on how the monkeys make that one decision and act on it.
A couple fighting at the restaurant, a fistfight in the school yard, angry shouts from next door – aggressive social interactions around us never fail to capture our attention. We are drawn to them even if we are not involved at all. This tendency is so fundamental, that it has its own name: the negativity bias.
But why are negative events so attention-attracting and what else determines if a social interaction is worth a look?
We’ll get to answer these questions later in the field. First, some more fundamental questions need to be answered: how do you conduct a proper observational study in the first place and why do this with some distant relatives of us?
Have a look around the office to prepare yourself for the field.”
Although monkeys are typically omnivores, they mostly rely on a diet of fruit and vegetables. The food preparation here reflects that. With a wide variety of ingredients and custom plans for each group, we make sure that the macaques receive all the nutrients they need. Have a look to find out what the macaques from next door get today!
Assessing others – it´s easier said than done. In order to be able to assess others' actions, we first have to understand what they are doing. And it’s not obvious at all how we manage that. Observing others’ hands certainly plays a crucial role: grasping, touching, even fighting, many interactions rely on hands.
So, as we are trying to understand the cognition of interaction, the brain processes at play when one mentally represents the hand movements of others are an essential piece of the puzzle. And one particular type of brain cell sticks out here: mirror neurons.
Mirror neurons are brain cells that not only control our interactions with the environment, but are also activated when we observe others during those same interactions. In other words, its the same brain cells that are active when you grab an object and when you watch another person grab that object. That way, mirror neurons allow us to imitate others and thus learn from them.
So far so simple. But what information exactly is represented by the activity of mirror neurons remains an open question. Do they mainly represent visual information, that is, how the interaction is perceived? Or is the interaction abstracted from what is visually perceived?
Have a look at the experimental setups to find out how we plan to answer these questions.
Before going into the field, you need a clear plan of how you are going to investigate your research questions. This plan requires exact definitions of the behaviours you are going to record. A detailed manual specifies what exactly counts as aggression, grooming and so on and every researcher who joins the team needs to go through intensive training and quality checks to guarantee that everyone is on the same page.
But how do you find out if these behaviours change depending on how successful the baboons are at providing food? We needed a way of getting some of the baboons to win the peanut lottery and become specialists.
Our solution: a remotely controlled feeder box that–upon pulling a lever–gives peanuts to chosen baboon specialists but not the others.
Have a look at the footage from the field to find out what happened as - unlike everyone else - the specialists started to gather peanuts from the box as if it were a snack machine.
During their free time, monkeys live in these temperature- and humidity-controlled cages, typically in groups of two to four animals. The logs and ropes allow the monkeys to climb around and make full use of the cage’s height. We also offer toys and specially prepared food to keep them entertained – so-called enrichment. Sometimes this can be as simple as carboard for the monkeys to shred or it can help prepare them for experiments. For example, some cages have mirrors or even touch screens like the ones used in the experiments.
Via the tunnel along the ceiling, the monkeys also have access to a semi-outdoor cage with fresh air and a view.
Faces are one of the most important sources of information in social settings. A face conveys a person’s emotions through facial expressions and their attention through gaze direction, but most importantly for us: faces help us to recognise people in the first place. We all know how not recognizing a person fast enough can lead to awkward situations, but it’s also strategically advantageous to know who we are interacting with. We might, for example, want to adapt our behaviour depending on who the person is. And if we recognise the person as someone we know well, we can even predict the person´s behaviour.
In this project, we research how exactly recognition of faces and their identity works. The first step in this, is to pin-point where face recognition happens. That’s more difficult than with other brain regions, because the areas in charge of recognising faces are not in the same location for everyone. Find out how we locate these areas for an individual via the central monitor and how that helps us understand how brains process faces via the rightmost monitor. Or learn about MRI scanning in general by heading over to the dedicated section through the door.
How do we find out whether lemurs actually have an idea of the competences of others? In our experiment, we make this dependent on how the social interactions of these lemurs changes. Because if an expert lemur – that is, a lemur that manages to get raisins out of the box – is perceived as competent, then that lemur enjoys more frequent grooming.
But is everyone that gets raisins out of the box equally popular – no matter how they do it? Finding out is more complicated than one might think. Assuming that the lemurs only care about the success of the experts, every expert should get the same attention – regardless of how he got the raisins. However, if the lemurs also pay attention to how experts succeeded, that is, their technique, then experts should be more or less popular depending on that technique: fake experts using techniques that don’t work for the others, should receive less grooming. And real experts that use techniques that work (or might work) for others too should receive more grooming. Click on the lemur to find out how our experimental setup manages to expose these subtle differences.
In these quasi-outdoor cages, the monkeys can get some fresh air and even enjoy the sun in the afternoon. The space can also be used to separate monkeys from their group for some time. Elmo, for example, tends to use his dominant position in the group’s hierarchy to monopolize the food we hand out.
This is quite common among other primate species as well: in the tour section on Baboon research in Senegal, for example, you can see how baboons monopolize food sources. But in captivity this must be addressed. To guarantee that all monkeys get their share, Elmo is kept here, while the other guys eat in peace.
In this room animal technicians and veterinarians carry out routine treatments. For example, the monkey’s implants are regularly cleaned. The permanent implants are needed to access the monkey’s brain for measurements of brain activity during experiments. But this permanent access also poses a risk: it opens the door for infections. To prevent that and ensure the health of the animal, the implants and surrounding tissue have to be cleaned daily. Additionally, if a monkey falls sick or is hurt, he can be treated here by one of the veterinarians that are always on call.
In this room animal technicians and veterinarians carry out routine treatments. For example, the monkey’s implants are regularly cleaned. The permanent implants are needed to access the monkey’s brain for measurements of brain activity during experiments. But this permanent access also poses a risk: it opens the door for infections. To prevent that and ensure the health of the animal, the implants and surrounding tissue have to be cleaned daily. Additionally, if a monkey falls sick or is hurt, he can be treated here by one of the veterinarians that are always on call.
Look–up in the sky: it’s a bird, it’s a plane, it’s superman! This scene from the comics shows how perception is sometimes a social process. What we see, can be influenced by others, especially when the people around us share their assessments about what it is they see. We can use such information in our own efforts to understand what’s going on. In fact, sometimes you cannot prevent others’ comments from influencing what you see: once someone points out, that the cloud kind of looks like a face, you cannot “unsee” it.
But how does that work? How do we integrate information about what others see with our own perception? And does that additional information help us see more accurately–or at least make us more confident in what we see? With this experimental setup, we have developed a way to investigate this. Have a look around the lab to find out how we research the influence of social information on perception.”
Researchers note down the behaviour of the baboons on their tablets. Have a look around and see if you can spot these behaviours yourself.
Sensational headlines like “Baboons are Gold Diggers” may be great to garner attention, but they fall into the trap of misinterpreting the behaviour of the animals as if they were humans. Sure, female baboons temporarily value the male more as he provides more food. But it is a mistake to project way humans calculate and choose mates for the sake of resources onto the Guinea baboons.
Ultimately, we cannot look into the monkeys’ minds and know what they are thinking. But field experiments like ours do give us valuable insights into what guides the interactions of our distant relatives. We thus get a glimpse into what is meaningful to them in their natural environment; in this case, their mates’ ability to provide resources. These insights into the behaviour of species related to us are essential if we want to understand how the cognitions guiding our interactions evolved.
But just looking at one species is not enough. For a broader picture of the ability to assess others’ competence, our colleagues in Madagascar investigate how Lemurs learn from each other. Follow the lemur icon to travel there or observe the troop of baboons that just arrived and see if you can spot some grooming behaviour yourself.
The alarm clock rings at 6 a.m. here in Madagascar, because it is a long walk through dense jungle to the lemurs' sleeping trees.
After breakfast we quickly check our equipment: camera batteries, feeding boxes, raisins and then it’s off to the lemurs.
We hike for about half an hour to the lemurs. Unlike the station in Senegal, you don't have to be afraid of predators here. On Madagascar, the fossa are the final link in the food chain and these cat-like predators, weighing in at about 10 kg, are only a threat to the lemurs.
After finding the lemurs deep inside the jungle, we setup everything and attract them with clickers. The lemurs have been trained on the clicking to know that they can get food at the boxes. Additonally, we wear flashy white lab coats. Those serve as a kind of distraction from us, so that the lemurs do not learn to associate humans in general with food, only humans in white coats making weird click noises.
The signals also act as a motivator. In the colder mornings during the dry season, when the sleeping trees are much cosier than our setup on the ground, we can lure the lemurs out in this way.
Today the lemurs are up early and eager to get some raisins for breakfast–the experiment can begin.
This complex houses the monkeys that are used in experiments. We put much effort into providing good housing conditions to our animals with plenty of room, fresh air, daylight, diverse foods and different ways to keep the monkeys occupied. As you explore the complex, you will encounter monkeys that have implants on their heads. Those implants allow us to fixate their heads or access the brain for recordings of brain activity. If you want to find out more about the implants and the surgical procedure behind them, you can visit the operating room via the navigation menu.
This complex houses the monkeys that are used in experiments. We put much effort into providing good housing conditions to our animals with plenty of room, fresh air, daylight, diverse foods and different ways to keep the monkeys occupied. As you explore the complex, you will encounter monkeys that have implants on their heads. Those implants allow us to fixate their heads or access the brain for recordings of brain activity. If you want to find out more about the implants and the surgical procedure behind them, you can visit the operating room via the navigation menu.
This complex houses the monkeys that are used in experiments. We put much effort into providing good housing conditions to our animals with plenty of room, fresh air, daylight, diverse foods and different ways to keep the monkeys occupied. As you explore the complex, you will encounter monkeys that have implants on their heads. Those implants allow us to fixate their heads or access the brain for recordings of brain activity. If you want to find out more about the implants and the surgical procedure behind them, you can visit the operating room via the navigation menu.
This is one of our seminar rooms where the life of the data continues, as we brainstorm various data analysis and mathematical models.
Hundreds of terabytes of raw data from the Exploration Room need to be processed before we can use them to create a model of the monkey’s underlying mental state while he is foraging. Have a look at the different steps of data processing on the wall to learn more about that.
The most important data for us are the circumstances of the situation and how the monkey behaves depending on those circumstances. Does he spend more time foraging or more time watching the other monkey? And what influences that behaviour? At the projector, you can learn about the model we created to understand how the monkey’s internal mental state depends on and interacts with the situation to eventually influence the monkey’s behaviour.
This is one of the outdoor macaque enclosures. It is connected via the tunnels above and in the ground to the temperature- and humidity-controlled enclosure inside, so the monkeys can freely decide whether they want to stay inside or outside. To ensure that the monkeys are psychologically and physiologically healthy, we provide them with a diverse environment, opportunities to climb, hide and play. Additional forms of enrichment like, for example, introducing objects to play with or hiding food also contribute to that.
This is the operating theatre where the monkeys undergo sterile surgery to prepare them for experiments where brain activity needs to be recorded. Different implants are necessary depending on the goal of the research. To find out more about the design and purpose of the implants, click on the icon in the overlay.
The devices you see and the surgical procedure adhere to thorough medical standards equivalent to human neuro-surgery. Not counting assistants, such brain implant surgeries take at least 2-3 people. You can find out their roles by clicking on them. Or have a look at the medical devices that enable a smooth operation. The neuro-navigation system, for example, helps us to precisely place implants onto and inside the skull. This precision is particularly important for implants that record the activity of individual brain cells in a specific brain area, so called micro-electrodes.
This setup of the exploration room allows us to have two monkeys (or a monkey and a person) gather food from the shared feeders in the centre. Today we are watching Vin during training. He has learned how to operate the feeder and is aware when the feeders dispense treats. But for a proper trial, he also needs to learn to wait for a signal before going to a feeder. After he has emptied all the feeders, the yellow LED indicates which feeder is restocked and he approaches it to gather the boba treats.
In the final experimental task design, we are planning to have Vin compete with another monkey on the opposite side of the divider over the treats inside the central feeders. If we then record Vin’s brain activity, we can find out how the brain makes decisions about where to forage in social situations.
Ultimately, if we figure out how the brain weighs up the amount of reward versus the risk of the other monkey grabbing it first, and possibly other factors, we should be able to predict what the monkey will do.
Broadly speaking, this is what our research at the CRC is all about: figuring out the cognitive processes at play during social interactions. But competitive foraging is of course just one of many social interactions. Click on the link below to visit our colleagues. They use the exploration room to research how monkeys divide their attention between foraging for food and observing others.
We are now in the middle of Thailand’s rain forest. The field station is a half an hour of motorbike ride and another hour of walking through dense jungle away.
No radio transmitter helped to guide us here – the only way to find the macaques is to note where they go to sleep in the evening and then arrive before they wake up in the morning. To keep up this constant tracking of the troop, we work in two 7-hour shifts: observing and documenting the macaques’ behaviour and collecting samples of poop. Bu t that’s easier said than done. Click on the macaque icon to try yourself and count how many grooming sessions are going on, or click on the researcher to find out what we have learned about the factors that influence social attention.
Welcome to the Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand. Since 2005, this field station lets us access the Asian jungle and its wildlife. Our research on the macaques native to this region complements the projects with baboons and lemurs at the field sites in Senegal and Madagascar. Taken together, they offer us a comprehensive picture of how social behaviour and decision-making play out under natural conditions in different social systems.
Where the lab-experiments at the German Primate Centre reveal the brain processes at play during perception and decision-making in controlled social situations, our research with the wild Assamese macaques here, is concerned with how individuals navigate a naturally rich and variable social environment. . Within each macaque group, dozens of individuals interact constantly – the ideal situation to investigate what makes social interactions worth a look in the first place. After all, macaques cannot watch their peers all day.
Follow the dark blue arrows to find out what catches a macaque’s attention or have a look around the station via the light blue arrows
Welcome to the field station Kirindi in Madagascar. Here and in the surrounding forest, we investigate how assessing others’ competence evolved. Every day we make decisions that are dependent on our ability to assess others competence, especially when we look to learn something new: Whose lecture is worth attending? Who do I study for the exam with? And who would I call if I was on 'Who wants to be a millionaire?' and they asked me for the ingredients for a Black Forest cake?
You can see how choosing the right person–the competent person–is essential, but where does this ability to judge who is competent come from? Do our distant relatives that live in these forests–the lemurs–also have it?
Join us via the dark blue arrows as we execute an elaborate experiment to find out if Lemurs track each other’s expertise. Or explore the camp via the light blue arrows.
Welcome to the tour of the housing facilities at the German Primate Centre in Göttingen. Most of the monkeys for the experiments within the CRC come from here.
Housing monkeys in general is already quite a challenge: their social nature and cognitive abilities have to be met by appropriate facilities and care. But housing monkeys used for research purposes is even more difficult and also strictly regulated. Feel free to explore the different ways primates live and are cared for here at the German Primate Centre.
What may–at first glance–look like just a bunch of huts in the middle of nowhere, is actually a fully operational field station. Solar panels power laptops, a well provides shower water and huts accommodate a kitchen, bedrooms and sanitary facilities. We even have lab out here.
Despite that, the fieldwork here presents truly wild challenges, such as lion encounters, dust storms, and monkeys stealing your stuff—however, the unique experience of witnessing true wildlife every day more than makes up for these difficulties. Since 2007, our work here has allowed us to contribute to the field of Natural History and explore the intriguing world of Guinea baboons.
Where other CRC projects have entire server rooms at their fingertips, here in the field we have to make do with what is a) transportable to the middle of the jungle and b) can be powered by solar cells.
Desktop PCs are therefore out of the question. Instead, we save the data from the cameras in the field on laptops and external hard drives. This can take several hours for larger data volumes and must be done daily so that the memory cards are empty for the next day. In the meantime, we can pre-view the data and see how the recordings turned out. Click on the laptops to have a look for yourself.
Where other CRC projects have entire server rooms at their fingertips, here in the field we have to make do with what is a) transportable to the middle of the jungle and b) can be powered by solar cells.
Desktop PCs are therefore out of the question. Instead, we save the data from the cameras in the field on laptops and external hard drives. This can take several hours for larger data volumes and must be done daily so that the memory cards are empty for the next day. In the meantime, we can pre-view the data and see how the recordings turned out. Click on the laptops to have a look for yourself.
This section is currently under construction. We look forward to give you more insights into how we conduct these expriments at a later date.
CLEANING
The cages and the scaffolding within are regularly cleaned.
EYE-TRACKING CAMERA
This unassuming box is actually a camera. Via an optical cable, it films the monkey’s pupils while he is in the MRI scanner. Due to the strong magnetic field of the scanner the electrical components of the camera cannot be inside. Yet this camera is necessary: it lets us check if the monkey is looking at the faces, so we can reward him or end the experiment when he stops paying attention.
LIGHTING
The natural light from the window is complemented by scheduled lights during the dark winter months.
PULLEYS
These pulley systems open or close doors between the cages or to the ceiling tunnel that connects the indoor cage with the semi-outdoor cage.
SCALE
This scale is used to weigh the monkeys. We routinely check their body weight, because proper weight is important for the monkeys' health.
SEPARATION
Typically monkeys inhabit these cages in groups of two to four animals. But sometimes they might have to be temporarily separated, for example, to guarantee that everyone gets enough food.
ANAESTHESIA MACHINE
The anaesthesia machine provides ventilation to the monkey and allows the attending veterinarian to dose the anaesthetic gas. To know how much anaesthetic is needed, the veterinarian continually monitors the animal’s life signs, like temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, exhaled CO2, blood pressure and oxygen saturation levels.
BATH
Each room has its own bath, which is quite the luxury compared to other field stations.
BEAR TRAP
Wild animals roaming the surrounding jungle can be dangerous to have in or near camp. With this trap, we can at least get rid of Asian black bears wandering too close. Elephants, on the other hand, kind of do as they please. No trap or fence can really stop them.
BOTTLED WATER
If you can’t stomach the filtered water from the nearby lake, you can drink bottled water. But that needs to be transported here from the next village.
CARE DURING SURGERY
The monkey is anaesthetised by a veterinarian who looks after the animal before, throughout and after the surgery. Underneath the sterile cloth, the monkey’s eyes are covered with a moisturiser and his body heat is controlled with a heating blanket. Similar to human brain surgeries, the monkey’s head is fixated so it does not move and the implants can be precisely placed. The monkey is also intubated to ensure he receives enough air and to precisely control the gas anaesthesia as needed. Additionally, anaesthetics and analgetics can be directly delivered into the bloodstream though an IV.
CENTRIFUGES
Centrifuges are needed to analyse the samples. A hand-driven centrifuge serves as a backup, in case there is no power.
CHARGING STATION
The tablets for taking notes in the field and the batteries for other devices are charged here.
COMMUNAL SOCK PILE
Knee-high socks protect your legs from leeches and other insect bites while in the field.
COMMUNAL SOCK PILE
Knee-high socks protect your legs from leeches and other insect bites while in the field.
COMMUNAL SOCK PILE
Knee-high socks protect your legs from leeches and other insect bites while in the field.
COMMUNAL SOCK PILE
Knee-high socks protect your legs from leeches and other insect bites while in the field.
CORTEXPLORE CAMERAS
These cameras track the reflective markers on the instruments, and that way allow us to align the digital model with the monkey’s real head. The insertion of the micro electrodes can also be precisely mirrored in the digital space, which ensures optimal positioning of the electrodes.
CURTAIN
The curtain can be closed to help the monkey focus on the task. It also prevents changing daylight from affecting the experiment.
DRYING CLOTHES
Getting your clothes to dry can be really difficult during wet season. Humidity levels regularly go above 90% and a sunny day like this is a rare sight.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
The ECG records the electrical activity of the heart, allowing us to monitor the heart's rhythm and function during surgery. This helps us check that the anesthesia is working properly and warns us of potential complications.
FIRST SURGEON
The surgeon is responsible for all steps of the operation. For example, they make the cuts, position the implant and drill the holes for the screws that secure it in place.
FLOODING
During especially heavy rain falls, the camp can get flooded. To avoid getting water into our rooms, the floor is raised off the ground.
FOOD
Without a fridge, you quickly learn to eat the perishable food first, although generally, this kitchen is used for making breakfast and small snacks. The larger meals are provided by the park’s cook.
GAS STORAGE
The jungle unfortunately does not have a gas station. Gas needs to be hauled here and stored in canisters to supply the cars and bikes.
HAND SANITISER
To keep clean in the field (be that while collecting poop samples or simply for bio-breaks), we bring hand sanitiser.
JEEP
The camp needs to be supplied regularly with food, water, and gas. Driving to the nearest village takes roughly one hour depending on the state of the roads. The next proper city is two hours away.
LAB BENCH
Here, the poop samples from the field are processed to measure hormone levels.
MASKS
Wearing face masks is mandatory when you get near the monkeys in the field. That prevents the transmission of diseases.
MICROSCOPE
Preparing electrodes for insertion requires a lot of precision.
This microscope helps us place the hair thin probes into the insertion rig. With that, we can precisely control where the electrode is inserted into the brain.
MODELLING MATH
The math behind the model is complex and likely the only people who fully understand it are the two women over by the desk
MOTROR BIKES
Everyone has a bike. If you don’t have a bike, who even are you.
ORCHID NURSERY
Protected from deer by a mesh fence, a small garden grows native orchids to repopulate the surrounding jungle.
POWER
Solar panels or a generator power the lab.
PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICE
The park’s researchers and PR staff have their offices here. Sometimes school classes visit to learn about the wildlife.
RADIO & GPS
These small, battery-powered devices allow us to coordinate and navigate in the jungle.
REWARD CONTAINER
After watching a video of others grasping or grasping an object himself, the monkey is rewarded with a zip of water or juice. The constant rewards keep the monkey motivated during the experiment. We choose between water or juice depending on the motivation of the monkey and his dietary needs. Also, too much juice can lead to caries, especially in monkeys because they don’t brush their teeth after experiments.
During experiments, we keep track of how much the monkey drinks. If he decides to stop early without getting his daily intake, he is given the rest of the water after the experiment.
SCHEDULE
Your work schedule tells you which monkey groups and which shifts you are assigned to each day.
SCHEDULE
Your work schedule tells you which monkey groups and which shifts you are assigned to each day.
SECOND SURGEON
The surgeon can be assisted by a second surgeon or a sterile assistant. Often, this is the researcher who also works with the monkey on a daily basis and will later conduct neurophysiological recordings with the new implants. Prior to the surgery, the researcher designs the implant and plans its placement on the skull. During surgery, they assist the surgeon by preparing the tools and guiding the placement of the implant. If they are approved as a surgeon, they also help in any other steps where more than two hands are needed or to work in parallel to keep the surgery as brief as possible.
SHIFT REPORT
Was a monkey missing today? Is there a new male in the group? News from last shift are noted down here and compiled into a report for the park authorities every week.
SILICA GEL
Silica gel keeps electronics dry during wet season.
VETERINARIAN
The veterinarian supervises the entire process surrounding and during the surgery. Together with a team of vets and animal carers, they prepare the animal in the days leading up to the surgery, administering drugs and checking if the animal is fit for surgery. During surgery, they monitor the monkey’s wellbeing and administer anaesthetic and other drugs as necessary. And in the days after the surgery, they oversee the recovery. To ensure that the monkey awakes safely from anaesthesia, he is continually observed for the first 24 hours while a vet is on standby to respond immediately, should it ever become necessary.
WARNING
DO NOT LEAVE FOOD OUT. Otherwise, squirrels will eat it. Also: please don’t clog the drain, thank you.
WATER FILTER
Water from the nearby lake is filtered through multiple stages of porous ceramic with progressively smaller pores to filter out dirt and contaminants. The big tank then collects the filtered water so you can fill your flask from it.
CONNECTING TUNNEL
The macaques can move freely between the inside and outside cages via this tunnel or the bridge above. This prevents dominant individuals from blocking the connection, because the lower-ranking individuals can still use the other way.
FEEDERBOX
There are three ways to access the raisins inside these boxes:
lifting, sliding, and shifting a lever. We can remotely control these techniques: for example, we can block lifting for all but one lemur. That lemur then becomes a ‘fake expert’ , meaning they are still successful with a technique that is no longer available to the others
MONKEY CHAIR BASE
Monkeys are transported around the facility in so-called monkey chairs that are mounted on these rollable bases. The bases have to be swapped at the yellow line to avoid contamination.
MONKEY CHAIR
The monkeys for our experiments sit in these chairs during experiments. This allows us to fixate their heads to very precisely record activity of specific brain cells and where the monkeys are looking during the trials. Also, the fixation is necessary for the precise and painless insertion of electrodes.
Currently, our research is under review for approval, which is why we unfortunately cannot show you an experiment with a monkey.
ANESTHESIA
If monkeys are not trained to enter the MRI scanner, they have to be anaesthetized.
With these devices, we can make sure that the monkey gets enough air via the green tube while he is out. We can also regulate how much anaesthetic we mix with the air so he does not wake up before the scan is finished.
BACKPACK FRAME
This frame allows us to carry all the equipment like the feeder boxes, cameras and tripods into the jungle.
BATH
Water for showering is taken from the nearby river and not heated or filtered. The cold is actually quite refreshing in the hot temperatures here, but you best not get any water in your mouth.
BATTERIES
Batteries store the power from the solar panels on the roofs. We have no back-up generator, so if these batteries are drained, we have no electricity.
BIKES
Bikes are used to get into the field and track the location of lemur populations there. This makes transporting stuff and the daily observations of the lemurs’ behaviour easier.
BREAD OVEN
It bakes bread.
CABLE MANAGEMENT
To avoid cable clutter, the numerous cables required for the experimental setup are suspended here. Cables are needed, for example, to transfer data about brain activity from the monkeys to the recording system. Cables also ground the recording system. Grounding is important to have a baseline voltage against which we can measure the voltage spikes that signal brain activity. Lastly, some cables simply provide power to or connect the many devices that make up the DIP.
CAPTURE EQUIPMENT
One baboon per party (of roughly 20-25 individuals) wears a radio transmitter so we can find them in the field. For that the baboon is blow-darted by a veterinarian.
CAR BATTERIES
Some experimental setups out in the jungle need more power than a typical battery can provide. Car batteries can power equipment that needs to run for a long time like cameras.
CHAIR FIXTURE
This fixture secures the monkey chair in place. Monkeys must sit at a specific distance from the screen and look at it from a specific angle to ensure they can properly see the targets on the screen and simultaneously each other through it. The distance and angle must be the same across trials to ensure the data is comparable.
DINING AREA
We gather here to eat when it’s raining. The place even has a TV!
DINING AREA
When it is not raining we usually eat here in the shade of the trees.
DIY
We try to build, maintain, and fix as much of the equipment (e.g. the remote controlled feeder boxes) on-site, because sending it back to Germany takes a lot of time.
DRONE
This drone can be used for aerial recordings or to research the monkeys' reaction to birds of prey.
DRY BOX
This dry box keeps electronics safe. The humidity would otherwise destoy them pretty quickly. Even leather is not safe from mould during rainy season, so you might even find a belt in here.
DRY BOXES
The dry boxes keep electronics safe from the humid climate. Otherwise rust gets to them pretty quickly.
DRY BOXES
These dry boxes keep electronics safe. The humidity would otherwise destoy them pretty quickly. Even leather is not safe from mould during rainy season, so you might even find a belt in here.
DRY CONTAINERS
These smaller containers can also be kept dry with silica gel and they are monkey proof so we can store the raisins for the lemurs in there.
EYE-TRACKING GLASSES
Two tiny cameras are attached to modular arms so we can position them right by the monkey’s eyes. The cameras record the pupils, which allows us to calculate where the monkey is looking. Is he looking at the dots, his partner, or his partner’s hand? That is important data for researching social interactions in this setup.
Left click: Move| Right click: Turn | Mouse wheel: Zoom
FANS
Temperatures up to 40° Celsius are quite common in Madagascar during dry season, so fans are essential to survive those days. Yet, at the end of the rainy temperatures can drop to 0° during night and since we have no stoves, we sleep in our winter coats then.
FECAL SAMPLES
The labeled tubes contain lemur poop. The so-called ‘fecal samples’ are dried and then sent to Germany for genetic analysis, that way we know what they eat and their nutrition and hormones.
FECAL SAMPLES
We collect the poop of baboons to find out how closely they are related. These so-called ‘fecal samples’ must be processed and dried before being sent to Germany for genetic analysis.
FIRE PLACE
This fireplace is used to cook a big pot of food for larger meals, such as lunch and dinner.
FOOD
The typical meals are rices with beans or lentils or meat or something else, but its always something with rice. A popular addition: Sakay sauce for a smokey spicy flavour.
FOOD
We buy food in the nearby town of Morondava every weekend. Depending on the state of the roads, it takes between two and four hours to get there from camp. Especially during the rainy season the roads can be quite bad.
FOOD
We buy food supplies at least once a month from the neighbouring town, which takes two to three hours by car depending on the state of the roads.
FREEZER
Some samples need to be frozen to keep them fresh.
HAND CENTRIFUGE
With this centrifuge we can separate fecal samples based on density. For example, if the poop contains eggs of parasites, they would be at the bottom of the sample tube after centrifugation.
HEATED WATER
Stored on the roof, this tank heats up in the sun. That way we can even have warm shower water in the middle of the jungle.
HUMAN ENTRANCE
Humans can enter the Exploration Room through here to clean the room, reconfigure it, or even to partake in the experiment with the monkey in the divided setup.
HYGIENE
Cleanliness is vital when handling monkeys.
Sanitiser, gloves, masks, and lab coats protect the monkeys and the staff from infections.
HYGIENE
Cleanliness is vital when handling monkeys.
Sanitiser, gloves, masks, hairnets, shoe covers and scrubs protect the monkeys and the staff from infections.
IMPLANT HYGIENE
This equipment is used to clean the implants that record brain activity.
The implants are always cleaned before the monkeys enter the exploration room, this prevents infections.
LED FIXTURES
Bright LED lights in combination with the white floor and wall panels prevent any shadows from forming.
That makes analysing the video recordings easier.
LOCKED CABINET
Anything not locked down can and will be touched by monkeys. They can carry nasty deseases like herpes, so we protect our cutlery.
LOCKED CABINET
We lock down the food to protect it from monkeys and other animals.
LOUNGE
Here we can sit to work or just relax in the evening.
MONKEY DETECTOR
Thanks to the modularity of the exploration room, we can configure the walls and even the floor with anything the experiment requires. This panel, for example, is equipped with a sensor that detects if the monkey is on it and ready to start the experiment.
MONKEY ENTRANCE
Monkeys enter the Exploration Room through here. The entrance is connected to a transport cage on the other side.
MONKEY SENSOR
Thanks to the modularity of the exploration room, we can configure the walls and even the floor with anything the experiment requires. This panel, for example, is equipped with a sensor that detects if the monkey is on it and ready to start the experiment.
MONKEY SENSOR
Thanks to the modularity of the exploration room, we can configure the walls and even the floor with anything the experiment requires. This panel, for example, is equipped with a sensor that detects if the monkey is on it and ready to start the experiment.
MOSQUITO NET
This net is tucked under the mattress to protect from mosquitoes and thus malaria. Poisonous animals like spiders are also kept out this way.
MOTOR BIKE
Bikes are a popular mode of transport among the locals.
PARK RANGERS QUARTERS
The rangers who work for the national park live here. They protect the wildlife from poachers.
PLEXIGLAS DIVIDER
This transparent divider guarantees that both agents have equal access to the feeders in the centre while being able to observe each other. It can be raised automatically to allow for quick reconfiguration of the setup.
POWER PLUG
These plugs connect our devices to the solar panels outside.
PRESERVATIVE SOLUTION
We can suspend the fecal samples in this solution of 10% Formalin. This preserves the sample and prepares it to be centrifuged.
RANGERS‘ ROOMS
The rangers who work for the research station live here. They accompany us on our research trips into the field.
RESEARCHERS‘ ROOMS
We each get our own room during a research stay. Some rooms are named after local animals like the Koba which is an antelope here in Senegal.
RESEARCHER’S HUT
Our sleeping huts are spread out form the central station. Each has a small patio and of course a bed and desk inside. Living in the forest also means we share these huts with the animals like geckos and mouse lemurs.
REWARDS
These are snacks for the monkeys. We reward them with nuts and fruit for cooperating.
ROOF
Straw roofs let out the heat better than roofs made of wood or metal and they (almost) never leak.
SILICA GEL
These containers hold the silica gel that we put in the dry boxes to absorb moisture from the air and prevent the items inside from rusting or moulding.
SILICA GEL
These containers hold the silica gel that we put in the dry boxes to absorb moisture from the air and prevent the items inside from rusting or moulding.
SOLAR PANELS
Solar panels power our electric devices like laptops and cameras.
SOLAR PANELS
These panels charge and power our electronic devices like our fridge and laptops. A back-up generator delivers power when the sun is not shining and the batteries are drained.
SURFACE COILS
So how do you actually get a picture out of re-aligning hydrogen protons? That is possible thanks to the same process that makes wind turbines work: when a magnetic field changes, electricity flows through nearby wire coils. In wind turbines, huge magnets spin right past an array of coils. That induces a flow of electricity inside these coils strong enough to power more than a thousand homes.
In our case, we don’t have huge spinning magnets, only re-aligning hydrogen protons. And as if that wasn’t bad enough: we also cannot have our wire coils right next to them. Our coils are a few centimetres away, separated from the brain by skull bone and skin. All this means that the electricity flowing through the coils is minimal, you couldn’t power anything with it. But it is measurable–with extremely sensitive coils.
This is how the images you can see next door are created. We measure the electricity induced by re-aligning protons as they alter the magnetic field around them.
SURFACE COILS
So how do you actually get a picture out of re-aligning hydrogen protons? That is possible thanks to the same process that makes wind turbines work: when a magnetic field changes, electricity flows through nearby wire coils. In wind turbines, huge magnets spin right past an array of coils. That induces a flow of electricity inside these coils strong enough to power more than a thousand homes.
In our case, we don’t have huge spinning magnets, only re-aligning hydrogen protons. And as if that wasn’t bad enough: we also cannot have our wire coils right next to them. Our coils are a few centimetres away, separated from the brain by skull bone and skin. All this means that the electricity flowing through the coils is minimal, you couldn’t power anything with it. But it is measurable–with extremely sensitive coils.
This is how the images you can see next door are created. We measure the electricity induced by re-aligning protons as they alter the magnetic field around them.
SURFACE COILS
So how do you actually get a picture out of re-aligning hydrogen protons? That is possible thanks to the same process that makes wind turbines work: when a magnetic field changes, electricity flows through nearby wire coils. In wind turbines, huge magnets spin right past an array of coils. That induces a flow of electricity inside these coils strong enough to power more than a thousand homes.
In our case, we don’t have huge spinning magnets, only re-aligning hydrogen protons. And as if that wasn’t bad enough: we also cannot have our wire coils right next to them. Our coils are a few centimetres away, separated from the brain by skull bone and skin. All this means that the electricity flowing through the coils is minimal, you couldn’t power anything with it. But it is measurable–with extremely sensitive coils.
This is how the images you can see next door are created. We measure the electricity induced by re-aligning protons as they alter the magnetic field around them.
SURFACE COILS
So how do you actually get a picture out of re-aligning hydrogen protons? That is possible thanks to the same process that makes wind turbines work: when a magnetic field changes, electricity flows through nearby wire coils. In wind turbines, huge magnets spin right past an array of coils. That induces a flow of electricity inside these coils strong enough to power more than a thousand homes.
In our case, we don’t have huge spinning magnets, only re-aligning hydrogen protons. And as if that wasn’t bad enough: we also cannot have our wire coils right next to them. Our coils are a few centimetres away, separated from the brain by skull bone and skin. All this means that the electricity flowing through the coils is minimal, you couldn’t power anything with it. But it is measurable–with extremely sensitive coils.
This is how the images you can see next door are created. We measure the electricity induced by re-aligning protons as they alter the magnetic field around them.
SURFACE COILS
So how do you actually get a picture out of re-aligning hydrogen protons? That is possible thanks to the same process that makes wind turbines work: when a magnetic field changes, electricity flows through nearby wire coils. In wind turbines, huge magnets spin right past an array of coils. That induces a flow of electricity inside these coils strong enough to power more than a thousand homes.
In our case, we don’t have huge spinning magnets, only re-aligning hydrogen protons. And as if that wasn’t bad enough: we also cannot have our wire coils right next to them. Our coils are a few centimetres away, separated from the brain by skull bone and skin. All this means that the electricity flowing through the coils is minimal, you couldn’t power anything with it. But it is measurable–with extremely sensitive coils.
This is how the images you can see next door are created. We measure the electricity induced by re-aligning protons as they alter the magnetic field around them.
SURFACE COILS
So how do you actually get a picture out of re-aligning hydrogen protons? That is possible thanks to the same process that makes wind turbines work: when a magnetic field changes, electricity flows through nearby wire coils. In wind turbines, huge magnets spin right past an array of coils. That induces a flow of electricity inside these coils strong enough to power more than a thousand homes.
In our case, we don’t have huge spinning magnets, only re-aligning hydrogen protons. And as if that wasn’t bad enough: we also cannot have our wire coils right next to them. Our coils are a few centimetres away, separated from the brain by skull bone and skin. All this means that the electricity flowing through the coils is minimal, you couldn’t power anything with it. But it is measurable–with extremely sensitive coils.
This is how the images you can see next door are created. We measure the electricity induced by re-aligning protons as they alter the magnetic field around them.
SURFACE COILS
So how do you actually get a picture out of re-aligning hydrogen protons? That is possible thanks to the same process that makes wind turbines work: when a magnetic field changes, electricity flows through nearby wire coils. In wind turbines, huge magnets spin right past an array of coils. That induces a flow of electricity inside these coils strong enough to power more than a thousand homes.
In our case, we don’t have huge spinning magnets, only re-aligning hydrogen protons. And as if that wasn’t bad enough: we also cannot have our wire coils right next to them. Our coils are a few centimetres away, separated from the brain by skull bone and skin. All this means that the electricity flowing through the coils is minimal, you couldn’t power anything with it. But it is measurable–with extremely sensitive coils.
This is how the images you can see next door are created. We measure the electricity induced by re-aligning protons as they alter the magnetic field around them.
SURFACE COILS
So how do you actually get a picture out of re-aligning hydrogen protons? That is possible thanks to the same process that makes wind turbines work: when a magnetic field changes, electricity flows through nearby wire coils. In wind turbines, huge magnets spin right past an array of coils. That induces a flow of electricity inside these coils strong enough to power more than a thousand homes.
In our case, we don’t have huge spinning magnets, only re-aligning hydrogen protons. And as if that wasn’t bad enough: we also cannot have our wire coils right next to them. Our coils are a few centimetres away, separated from the brain by skull bone and skin. All this means that the electricity flowing through the coils is minimal, you couldn’t power anything with it. But it is measurable–with extremely sensitive coils.
This is how the images you can see next door are created. We measure the electricity induced by re-aligning protons as they alter the magnetic field around them.
TOILET
In french tradition, its a standing toilet.
TRANSPORT CAGE
These cages are exclusively used for entering and exiting the exploration room, not for housing. They act as a passage and facilitate smooth transitions for the monkeys.
TRANSPORT CAGE
These cages are exclusively used for entering and exiting the exploration room, not for housing. They act as a passage and facilitate smooth transitions for the monkeys.
TRANSPORT CAGES
Our research population of lemurs wears collars to more easily identify them (tag collars) and some also wear radio collars to find them in the jungle. To put on the collars, we have to blow-dart them with Ketamine. After the collar has been put on the lemur, they are still asleep so we can’t just leave them in the forest. They would be easy prey for predators. So we take them to camp for a day in these cages to ensure they are safe.
TV
Malagasy TV is nice if you understand Malagasy or at least French.
VEGETABLE GARDEN
A small vegetable garden allows us to grow potatoes and carrots, all of which must be protected from the monkeys.
WATER FILTERS
The water from the tank outside drips though these filters with activated charcoal to get rid of bacteria like E. coli and Salmonella.
WATER FILTERS
The water from the well outside drips though these filters with activated charcoal to get rid of parasites and chemicals.
WATER TANK
This tank is regularly filled with rain water from the nearest village. It is connected to water taps across camp and used for showering and washing.
WELL
This well provides drinking water, but it still needs to be filtered. If the well runs dry, we have to buy water from the neighbouring town, which is two to three hours away by car.
- Bridging the Gap Between Lab and Field
- Competition Among Macaques (Lab)
- Face Recognition in Macaques (MRI Scanner)
- Food Gathering in Baboons (Senegal)
- Food Gathering in Lemurs (Madagascar)
- Grasping in Macaques (Lab)
- Measuring Interactions Between Partners
- Seeing as a Social Process (Lab)
- Tracking Monkeys With AI
Methods of Primate Research
Research Area: "Seeing Others"
Research Area: “Assessing Others”
Research Area: “Interacting with others”
GLOSSARY
DIP
BRAIN ACTIVITY:
Brain cells communicating with each other, typically in response to a stimulus (e.g. seeing a target, observing others’ choices, getting rewards). Brain activity is measurable as tiny amounts of electrical voltage near the brain cells.
COORDINATION GAME:
A game where players earn better rewards when they adjust their behavior to that of the other player. In this case that means collecting the same target.
DYADIC INTERACTIONS:
A back-and-forth exchange of actions and reactions between the two individuals.
ELECTRODES:
Hair-thin probes that are inserted into the brain to measure the electrical voltage that occurs near brain cells when they are active.
MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS:
Pattern of brain activity that (in this case) corresponds to a behaviour that a subject performs or observes. Other individuals, objects, and even oneself are also represented by the brain.
GLOSSARY
DIP
REWARD:
A benefit the players get depending on how they play. Monkeys get juice, humans get money.
TARGETS:
Here, yellow and red circles that appear on the screen. They can be collected for rewards by players touching the screen.
TRIAL:
A single iteration in a series of experiments.
GLOSSARY
MRI 2
COGNITION:
All mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding by thinking, experiencing, and sensing. This includes functions such as perception, memory, attention, and problem-solving.
COIL:
Wire that is wound into a spiral and allows electrical current to flow through it. The coil can detect changes in nearby magnetic fields by measuring the current that flows through the wire as those fields fluctuate. Used here to record the electromagnetic signal of brain activity induced by the MRI scanner.
ELECTRODES:
Hair-thin probes that are inserted into the brain to measure the electrical voltage that occurs near brain cells when they are active. They can be temporarily inserted or permanently implanted depending on the goals of the research.
IMPLANTS:
Devices that are introduced into the body, here to enable the recording of brain activity. Two implants are essential for brain research with monkeys: the head post for immobilising the head and the recording chamber for inserting electrodes.
OPTICAL CABLE:
A flexible, transparent fibre made of glass or plastic that transmits light. Used here because copper wires would be influenced by the strong magnetic field of the MRI scanner.
GLOSSARY
MRI
COIL:
Wire that is wound into a spiral and allows electrical current to flow through it. Coils in MRIs serve two main purposes: they can generate a magnetic field by passing current through the wire (transmission coil), or they can detect changes in nearby magnetic fields by measuring the current that flows through the wire as those fields fluctuate (surface coils).
HYDROGEN:
The most abundant element in the universe. It is present in almost all molecules that make up living organisms like water, fat, carbohydrates, and proteins. Has one proton at its core.
INDUCTION:
Electrical current flowing through wire coils in response to the changing magnetic fields, in this case, created by re-aligning hydrogen protons.
PROTONS:
Sub-atomic particles that (together with neutrons) make up the cores of atoms. Protons are positively charged and thus behave like tiny magnets.
GLOSSARY
Non-Human Primate Housing
IMPLANTS:
Devices that are introduced into the body, here to enable the recording of brain activity. Two implants are essential for brain research with monkeys: the head post for immobilising the head and the recording chamber for inserting electrodes.
PULLEY SYSTEM:
Device made of wheels that guide cords to make lifting loads (here doors) easier.
SCAFFOLDING:
A structure made of metal or wooden poles and platforms, here for monkeys to climb on.
TUBERCULOSIS:
A deadly disease caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms include coughing, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
GLOSSARY
Non-Human Primate Housing
CANINES:
Pointed teeth next to the front teeth adapted for tearing food.
ELECTRODES:
Hair-thin probes that are inserted into the brain to measure the electrical voltage that occurs near brain cells when they are active. They can be temporarily inserted or permanently implanted depending on the goals of the research.
ENRICHMENT:
Activities and environmental modifications that stimulate animals’ natural behaviours and promote psychological and physiological well-being in captivity.
FORAGING:
Searching of food or other useful resources in the environment.
GLOSSARY
OR
ANAESTHETICS:
Medications that induce a loss of consciousness during medical procedures.
ANALGESICS:
Medications that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness (commonly known as painkillers).
CT (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY):
A medical imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of hard tissues such as skull bones.
ELECTRODES:
Hair-thin probes that are inserted into the brain to measure the electrical voltage that occurs near brain cells when they are active. They can be temporarily inserted or permanently implanted depending on the goals of the research.
GAZE DIRECTION:
The direction where the animal is looking. It is tracked via cameras that record the animal’s pupils to know what the animal is paying attention to.
GLOSSARY
OR
HERMETIC SEAL:
A containment where no air or moisture can enter or escape.
IMPLANTS:
Devices that are introduced into the body, here to enable the recording of brain activity. Two implants are essential for brain research with monkeys: the head post for immobilising the head and the recording chamber for inserting electrodes.
INTUBATION:
A medical process of inserting a tube into a person's (or animal’s) airway to keep it open, deliver oxygen or anaesthesia, or aid breathing during surgery.
IV:
A way of administrating medications directly into a vein, providing quick delivery and effect on the body. Short for "intravenous".
MRI (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING):
A medical imaging technique that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create images of soft tissues such as the brain.
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